Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study population (n = 206)

Maternal

 Age, years

29.3 ± 4.4

29.5 ± 4.4

 Pre-gestational BMI, kg/m²

24.6 ± 4.6

24.2 ± 5.2

Smoking status

 Never-smoker

64 (66.7)

79 (72.2)

 Past-smoker

16 (16.7)

18 (16.5)

 Current-smoker

16 (16.7)

13 (11.3)

Parity

 1

47 (49.0)

57 (51.8)

 2

37 (38.5)

45 (40.9)

 ≥ 3

12 (12.5)

8 (7.3)

Education

 Low

13 (13.8)

10 (9.2)

 Middle

37 (39.4)

29 (26.6)

 High

44 (46.8)

71 (64.2)

Newborn

 Gestational age, weeks

39.2 ± 1.4

39.3 ± 1.2

 Birth weight, g

3483 ± 483

3385 ± 410

 Ponderal index, kg/m³ × 100

2.63 ± 0.24

2.72 ± 0.24

Ethnicity

 European-Caucasian

85 (88.5)

101 (91.74)

 Non-European

11 (11.5)

9 (8.26)

 C-section

3 (3.1)

3 (2.6)