Table 2 Biomarkers measured in this study; TD-NMR markers: plasma water T₂, serum water T₂

Insulin resistance, diabetes and anthropometric markers

Fasting insulin, insulin C-peptide, proinsulin, HbA_1c, glucose, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, FIRI, G/I ratio, McAuley Index

Body-mass index, waist circumference, age, resting heart rate

Protein, viscosity liver function and amino acid markers

Total serum and plasma protein, serum and plasma globulins, % globulins, viscosity, ALT, GGT, Ser, Asn, Gln, Thr, Tyr

Serum and plasma albumin, IgG, IgM, IgA, AST, homocysteine, and 30 other amino acid and amino acid metabolites

Lipid and lipoprotein markers

Total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, LDL-P, VLDL-C, IDL-C, remnant-C, apoB, phospholipids, TG, TG/HDL ratio

Lp(a), HDL-C, HDL₂, HDL₃, apoAI, apoE, omega-3 index, DHA, AA, EPA, LpPLA₂, serum turbidity (O.D._550 nm), free fatty acids

Inflammation, acute phase proteins, blood cell and oxidative stress markers

hs-CRP, WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, RDW, MCH, sedimentation rate, fibrinogen, complement C3c, C4c, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), α₁-acid glycoprotein, interleukin-6

RBC, HCT, Hb, MCHC, MCV, mean PLT volume, HNE, ORAC total antioxidant capacity, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, haptoglobin, fibronectin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, total iron, TIBC, % iron sat., ferritin, sICAM1, adiponectin, factor VII, uric acid, neutrophil elastase, endotoxin, staph. enterotoxin, α₂-macroglobulin, α₁-antitrypsin, IL-10, TNFα, IL-1β

Electrolyte markers

Lactate, Cl⁻, Cl⁻ + CO₂ (bicarbonate), anion gap, anion gap corrected for albumin

Sodium, potassium, calcium

Kidney and thyroid markers

BUN, creatinine, eGFR, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4