Parameters | Placebo (N = 39) | Probiotics (N = 39) | Intervention effect | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 3-Months | Mean change | Pa | Baseline | 3-Months | Mean change | Pa | Effect (95% CI) | Pb | |
Weight (kg) | 79.5 ± 15.7 | 79.9 ± 15.9 | 0.42 | 0.71 | 75.6 ± 11.0 | 75.3 ± 11.3 | − 0.28 | 0.77 | − 8.00 (− 17.1 to 1.1) | 0.08 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 5.0 | 30.2 ± 5.0 | 0.15 | 0.76 | 29.4 ± 5.2 | 29.3 ± 5.3 | − 0.11 | 0.86 | − 1.27 (− 4.92 to 2.39) | 0.49 |
WHR | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | − 0.01 | 0.75 | − 0.07 (− 0.12 to − 0.01) | 0.02 |
SBP (mmHg) | 129.0 ± 10.0 | 130.0 ± 11.0 | 0.43 | 0.80 | 135.0 ± 15.0 | 129.0 ± 11.0 | − 5.84 | < 0.01 | 2.44 (− 5.18 to 10.06) | 0.52 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.0 ± 9.0 | 80.0 ± 8.0 | 1.22 | 0.44 | 84.0 ± 12.0 | 80.0 ± 11.0 | − 3.78 | 0.03 | 0.38 (− 5.82 to 6.58) | 0.90 |
MAP | 95.5 ± 7.7 | 96.5 ± 7.8 | 0.96 | 0.60 | 100.7 ± 11.1 | 96.2 ± 9.7 | − 4.47 | < 0.01 | 1.07 (− 4.58 to 6.72) | 0.71 |
Glycemic profile | ||||||||||
Glu (mmol/l) # | 7.0 (5.7 to 11.2) | 8.0 (5.9 to 11.4) | 1.00 | 0.02 | 11.7 (8.4 to 16.4) | 8.5 (6.2 to 11.0) | − 3.20 | < 0.01 | 0.05 (− 0.06 to 0.16) | 0.36 |
Ins (uU/mL) # | 13.1 (7.7 to 18.7) | 10.7 (7.7 to 14.5) | − 2.40 | 0.72 | 9.9 (7.7 to 16.4) | 6.9 (4.5 to 9.8) | − 3.00 | < 0.01 | − 0.08 (− 0.24 to 0.07) | 0.29 |
C-Pep (ng/ml) # | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.5 (0.0 to 1.8) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3) | − 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.08 (− 0.38 to 0.53) | 0.74 |
HOMA-IR # | 4.1 (2.3 to 7.3) | 3.6 (3.1 to 5.5) | − 0.50 | 0.37 | 5.3 (3.5 to 10.2) | 2.1 (1.5 to 5.2) | − 3.20 | < 0.01 | − 0.17 (− 0.34 to − 0.01) | 0.04 |
Lipid profile | ||||||||||
TG (mmol/l) | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | − 0.20 | 0.05 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | − 0.78 | 0.04 | − 0.34 (− 0.96 to 0.28) | 0.27 |
TC (mmol/l) | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | − 0.53 | < 0.01 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | − 0.63 | < 0.01 | 0.11 (− 0.52 to 0.75) | 0.72 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | − 0.07 | 0.46 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.14 | 0.10 | − 0.04 (− 0.22 to 0.14) | 0.65 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | − 0.37 | 0.12 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | − 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.18 (− 0.43 to 0.79) | 0.55 |
TC/HDL | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | − 0.11 | 0.67 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 5.3 ± 4.3 | − 1.07 | 0.35 | 0.83 (− 0.72 to 2.38) | 0.29 |
Endo (IU/ml) # | 2.1 (1.2 to 4.4) | 1.9 (1.0 to 2.9) | − 0.20 | 0.31 | 4.6 (2.4 to 7.9) | 2.2 (1.2 to 3.6) | − 2.40 | < 0.01 | 0.15 (− 0.05 to 0.36) | 0.15 |