Fig. 1
From: The need for a network to establish and validate predictive biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy
Procedures for discovery and validation of biomarkers. Alternative designs of randomized phase III trials in the presence of a potentially predictive marker of efficacy of treatment. BM + , positive biomarker; BM − , biomarker negative. Bottom left, “randomize-all” design with determination and prospective stratification of BM + and BM − patients. Center, “targeted” design. Right, “customized” design