Therapeutic application of T regulatory cells in composite tissue allotransplantation

Table 1 Skin-resident cells interacting with Treg cells

Cell type	Action	References
Langerhans cells	Activate and proliferate Treg cells in resting state; limit activation of Treg cells in presence of pathogen	[116]
	Induce Treg cells favoring flora tolerance with limited antigens presentation	[117]
	Induce Treg cells by secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β	[118]
Memory Treg cells	Localize to hair follicles Non-migratory and non-responsive in normal skin Proliferate and produce IL-17 in inflamed skin	[119]
Memory Treg cells	Are activated, proliferated and differentiated into potent suppressor Attenuate autoimmune reactions in tissues upon repeated responses to antigens	[120]
Macrophages	Promote expression of the chemokine CCL22 Induce migration and activation of Treg cells	[121]
Macrophages	Express M2-like TIM-4^hiCD169⁺ Act immunoregulatory function and promote engraftment of cardiac allografts	[122]
Mast cells	Act as intermediate at Treg cells dependent allograft tolerance via IL-9	[123]
Mast cells	Counteract Treg cell function through IL-6 and OX40/OX40L axis toward Th17 cell differentiation	[124]
Dermal dendritic cells	Are capable of antigen capture and presentation to CD4⁺ T cells and Treg cells generation	[125]
Dermal regulatory cells	Induce Treg cells through PD-1 engagement with expression of ABCB5⁺ molecules	[126]
Dermal fibroblasts	Induce proliferation of natural Treg cells with IL-15	[127]
Dermal stromal cells	Express CD90⁺ and induce Tregs cells	[128]

CCL chemokine ligand, TIM T cell immunoglobulin mucin, ABCB5 ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 5

ISSN: 1479-5876