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Table 1 Examples of proteins secreted by HUCPVCs that have been described to influence tumor cells’ behavior

From: Impact of mesenchymal stem cells’ secretome on glioblastoma pathophysiology

Protein (coding gene)

Findings in the context of cancer cells

References

C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)

Regulates migration and invasion in several cancer types, including gliomas

[99,100,101]

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 (ARPC5)

Contributes to cell migration and invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

[102]

Translationally-controlled tumor protein (TPT1)

Overexpressed in glioma tissue and is associated with tumor progression and poor clinical outcome of glioma patients. TCTP promotes glioma cell viability and proliferation, in vitro

[103, 104]

Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC)

Plays an important role in glioma vessel maturation and stabilization and in the progression of brain tumors, such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma; and promotes tumor growth by recruitment of cancer-associated fibroblasts

[105,106,107]

Alpha-actinin-4 (ACTN4)

Enhances the motility and invasion potential of various carcinoma cell lines

[108]

Testican-1 (SPOCK1)

Promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibits apoptosis in glioma cells

[109]

Neuropilin-2 (NRP2)

Essential for breast cancer tumor initiation being involved in the formation of focal adhesions and is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis; and promotes the invasion and migration of thyroid cancer cells

[110,111,112,113]

Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10)

Correlated with the grade of malignancy in human glioma; increases the migration capacity of glioma stem cells, and is implicated in U87 cell invasiveness

[114,115,116]

Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFβI)

Promotes cell adhesion of human astrocytoma cells, in vitro

[117]

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (SERPINE1)

Essential in processes related to tumor development, like angiogenesis, adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis

[118]

Semaphorin-7A (SEMA7A)

Contributes to the increases motility and decreases adhesion necessary for U87 cell invasion

[114]

Periostin (POSTN)

Secreted periostin promotes glioma cell invasion and adhesion

[119]

Interleukin 6 (IL6)

Secreted IL6 promotes glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis

[120, 121]