TableĀ 2 Immune marker studies
From: The European ME/CFS Biomarker Landscape project: an initiative of the European network EUROMENE
Marker(Ref) | Design of study | ME/CFS pat. n/diagnostic criteria | Controls n/age- and sex-matched | Sub group analysis | Validation cohort | Results in ME/CFS compared to healthy controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immunoglobulins (Ig), MBL [4] | Confirmatory | 300/CCC | Reference range | Yes | 168 | 25% diminished Ig 25% elevated Ig 15% MBL diminished |
B cells [4] | Ā | 65/CCC | 20/no | Ā | 20 | B cell subsets not altered |
IgG3 IgE COMT [5] | Exploratory | 76/CCC | 74/no | Yes | No | COMT rs4680 is associated with IgG3 and IgE levels |
EBV-specific IgG EBV-B and T cells [7] | Confirmatory Exploratory | 63/CDC 17 | 57/no 12/no | Yes | 387 No | More EBNA-IgG neg. More VCA-IgM pos EBV B-/T cells lower |
HSP60 auto-antibodies [13] | Exploratory | 69/CCC | 76/no | Yes | 61 | Few IgG epitopes specific for ME/CFS |
Neurotransmitter-receptor auto-antibodies [6] | Exploratory/confirmatory | 268/CCC | 108/yes | Yes | No | Elevated Ī²2 adrenergic, M3/4 cholinergic receptor antibodies in a subset of ME/CFS |
Cytokines [10] | Exploratory | 120/CDC | 68/yes | Yes | No | Multiple cytokines no differences |
Cytokines [8] | Exploratory | 48/CDC | 35/no | No | No | Elevated CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels |
Cytokines [15] | Review | 38 papers | Ā | Ā | Ā | TGF-Ī² levels elevated in 5 of 8 studies (63%) |
Cytokines [3] | Exploratory | 16/CDC | 14/yes | No | No | Increase of IL-1b, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha levels |
BAFF, APRIL [9] | Exploratory | 70/CCC & CDC | 56/no | Yes | No | Elevated BAFF baseline APRIL not altered |
T cells [11] | Exploratory | 139/CDC | 40/no | Yes | No | Increased CD38 expression on CD8+ T cells |
NK, T and B cells [12] | Exploratory | 22/CDC | 30/no | No | No | Treg higher, Tem lower, NK cell CD69, NKp46 higher, CD25 lower, B cell subsets not altered |
B cells [16] | Exploratory | 38/CCC & CDC | 32/yes | No | No | Increased CD24 expression on total B cells Elevated number of CD21+ CD38ā B cells |
B cells [14] | Exploratory | 33/CCC & CDC | 24/yes | No | No | Increased number of naĆÆve and transitional B cells |
miRNA in immune cell subsets [17] | Exploratory | 35/CCC & CDC | 50/no | No | No | 34 miRNAs upregulated in NK, B cells and monocytes |