Fig. 1

Principle and versatility of antibody gene transfer. a Schematic overview of the basic principle of antibody gene transfer. Starting from the antibody sequence, the encoding nucleotides are placed into viral vectors (adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, or oncolytic virus), naked DNA (plasmid or minicircle), or messenger RNA (mRNA), and administered to the host. Following injection, the encoding nucleotides enter the cells after which antibody production can commence. b Sites in the body potentially amendable to clinical antibody gene transfer administration or production, based on pre-clinical and clinical antibody gene transfer studies with the three different expression platforms. The muscle and liver (via intravenous delivery) have been most often reported. Others include the brain [34, 37, 75,76,77,78], eye [81], intranasal route [38, 55, 72, 79, 80], trachea [56], tumors (either directly injected or via intravenous delivery [30, 36, 39, 99,100,101, 103, 104, 106,107,108,109]), pleura [57, 82, 83], peritoneum [45, 60, 84], skin (intradermal [44] and subcutaneous [45]), and spinal canal [40]