Fig. 1

Origin and development of macrophages and neutrophils. a The generation of macrophages is dependent on hematopoietic growth factor receptor Csf1r (c-fms, M-CSFR, CD115). The known ligands of Csf1r, Csf1/M-CSF and interleukin (IL)-34 are likely both important for the development of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage. On the other hand, hematopoietic cytokines as granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) that promote neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation. b Bone marrow neutrophil lineage cells can be divided into three compartments: the stem cell pool (stem cells and pluripotent progenitors), the mitotic pool and the post-mitotic pool. c The regulation of Neutrophil egress from de bone marrow by CXCR4 and CXCR2 chemokine ligands, where stromal cells produce C-X-C-motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12 that binds to C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4, leading to neutrophil retention, while release is mainly mediated by CXCR2. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), common myeloid progenitor (CMP), granulocyte–macrophage progenitor (GMP), myeloid progenitor (MP)