Table 4 Applications and directions of bioprinting organs
From: Recent advances in bioprinting techniques: approaches, applications and future prospects
| Bioprinted tissues and organs | 3D printing technology | Applications | Future directions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood vessels | Inkjet bioprinting |
Optimizing vascular geometry and cell viability and function Predicting flow rates, oxygen tension, and the diffusion of molecules in the vascular environment |
Improving resolution for printing small vessels Increasing available bioink materials Increasing bioprinting speed | [22, 111] |
| Extrusion bioprinting | ||||
| Laser-assisted bioprinting | ||||
| Heart | Extrusion-based bioprinting |
Printing valvular interstitial cells into scaffolds with high speed and good viability (~100 %) over 21 days Printing hydrogel-based valve-shaped structures | Developing types of materials with good flexibility and elasticity | [31, 77, 83] |
| FRESH | ||||
| Bone | SLA |
Printing scaffolds that provide a framework for cells to attach, proliferate and function and to be integrated with the surrounding tissue Accurately controlling pore geometry, cell viability and mechanical properties |
Investigating printed materials with osteoinductive or osteoconductive proteins Triggering vascularization in the repaired region | [112, 113] |
| Laser-assisted bioprinting | ||||
| Liver | Inkjet printing |
Printing biological livers for liver transplantation in patients with liver resection Constructing artificial liver tissue for the detection of drug toxicities and other medical and biological testing | Constructing 3D functional liver tissue with a substantial capillary-like network | [95, 99, 114] |
| Skin | Inkjet bioprinting |
Fabricating skin substitutes to repair skin wounds Studying the pathophysiology of skin diseases |
Fabricating more complex human skin models with secondary and adnexal structures Improving LAB technology to achieve automation for bioprinting skin | [42, 93] |
| Extrusion bioprinting | ||||
| Laser-assisted bioprinting |