Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of healthy control and nonunion patients used in the study

n

35

33

Age [median (range)]

32 (23–78)

44 (18–78)

0.004

Sexe (% of female)

62 %

31 %

0.003

BMI [median (range)]

26.1 (20.5–31.1)

26.8 (18.8–37.1)

NS

Smokers

28 %

58 %

0.03

Daily alcohol

0 %

29 %

0.003

Comorbidities

Fracture history in the past year of visit

6 %

100 %

<0.001

Rheumatic diseases (osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis)

0 %

14 %

NS

Gastric (heartburn and esophagitis)

0 %

14 %

NS

Diabetes (NIDDM)

0 %

10 %

NS

Pulmonary (asthma, emphysema, chronic pulmonary disease, pneumothorax)

0 %

24 %

0.006

Cardiovascular (ischaemia, deep vein thrombosis, infarction)

0 %

14 %

NS

High blood pressure

0 %

17 %

NS

Hypercholesterolemia

0 %

17 %

NS

Hypothyroidism

0 %

0 %

NS

Hypovitamin D

0 %

3 %

NS

Treatment

NSAID and/or analgesic and/or tramadol

0 %

100 %

<0.001

Anxiolytics

0 %

33 %

<0.001