Table 2 Lipid items significantly changed in response to berberine treatment and lifestyle intervention

Free fat acid

 FA(15:1)

3.5 ± 2.3

2.5 ± 1.5

3.1 ± 2.3

2.9 ± 3.0

 FA(16:1)

2.5 (1.5–3.5)

1.5 (1.1–2.4)

2.1 (1.3–3.5)

1.2 (0.9–2.4)

 FA(16:2)

1.6 (0.7–2.2)

0.7 (0.5–1.2)

1.1 (0.7–2.5)

0.6 (0.5–1.3)

 FA(16:3)

1.3 ± 1.0

0.9 ± 0.6

1.3 ± 1.2

1.1 ± 1.1

 FA(18:1)

2.7 (1.7–4.1)

2.0 (1.5–3.3)

2.4 (1.7–3.4)

1.6 (1.1–2.9)

 FA(18:2)

2.3 (1.3–3.6)

1.2 (0.8–1.8)

1.6 (1.1–3.0)

1.4 (0.8–1.7)

 FA(20:2)

2.4 (1.3–4.1)

1.7 (1.0–2.8)

1.9 (1.3–2.9)

1.4 (1.0–2.1)

 FA(20:3)

2.1 (1.3–4.3)

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

1.7 (1.3–3.3)

1.3 (1.0–1.9)

 FA(20:4)

1.6 (0.8–3.0)

0.8 (0.6–1.5)

1.2 (0.8–2.2)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

 FA(20:5)

1.3 (0.6–3.3)

0.7 (0.4–1.21)

1.3 (0.7–3.3)

0.9 (0.5–2.2)

 FA(22:4)

2.8 ± 1.9

2.0 ± 1.6

2.7 ± 2.4

2.2 ± 1.8

 FA(22:5)

1.5 (0.9–2.4)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

1.2 (0.9–1.8)

 FA(22:6)

1.3 (0.9–2.9)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

1.3 (0.9–2.8)

1.1 (0.7–2.0)

  FA27

0.9 (0.6–1.6)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.6)

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

  FA3

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

0.6 (0.4–1.2)

1.1 (0.6–1.7)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

  FA40

2.1 ± 1.6

1.4 ± 1.0

2.2 ± 1.9

1.8 ± 1.5

  FA48

2.2 (1.3–4.4)

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

1.8 (1.2–4.2)

1.2 (0.9–2.8)

  FA51

2.9 (2.01–4.8)

1.9 (1.3–3.0)

2.5 (1.6–3.6)

1.9 (1.4–2.6)

 FA(α-18:3)

1.9 (1.1–3.6)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

1.8 (1.2–2.6)

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

 FA(γ-18:3)

1.7 (1.0–2.8)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

1.3 (0.8–2.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.7)

Sphingolipid (pmol/ml)

 Sph(d18:1)

15.3 (6.1–38.1)

11.3 (4.7–22.8)

20.4 (7.1–35.5)

10.7 (4.8–19.0)

 Cer(d18:1/18:0)

41.1 (30.4–52.0)

31.8 (25.1–43.6)

37.7 (33.3–50.6)

34.8 (27.1–47.5)

 Cer(d18:1/18:0)-1-p

472.4 (337.2–668.4)

423.6 (327.1–497.6)

491.5 (360.7–635.4)

459.8 (328.5–542.1)

 Cer(d18:1/20:0)

103.7 (67.0–121.5)

87.1 (67.3–103.1)

87.1 (80.9–109.3)

85.5 (72.9–104.0)

 Cer(d18:1/28:0)-1-P

88.3 (68.4–114.5)

81.4 (60.0–107.4)

91.1 (73.2–119.9)

95.9 (78.3–128.5)^#

 SM(d18:1/12:0)

1102.8 (561.7–1328.7)

1131.0 (615.0–1342.1)

1495.6 (921.5–1717.5)*

1794.1 (1221.6–2473.0)

 SM(d18:1/16:1)

266084.4 (183,325.4–335932.6)

213,504.2 (151,956.4–266,787.1)

247,807.9 (168,113.3–334,244.5)

225,052.0 (160,531.6–291,093.4)

 SM(d18:1/24:4)

1810.8 (1290.7–2388.9)

2426.6 (1756.9–3651.7)

1389.6 (916.5–2164.5)

1782.6 (1215.9–2228.4)

Phosphoglyceride (pmol/ml)

 LPC(14:0)

766.1 ± 533.2

508.5 ± 278.9

777.1 ± 562.5

651.7 ± 344.9^#

 LPC(16:1)

2149.7 (1322.3–2461.9)

1288 (1020–1662)

1948.2 (1509.1–2438.3)

1567.1 (1097.0–2049.6)

 LPC(18:0)

63,379.6 (44,850.8–85,600.2)

47,396.8 (37,198.6–62,924.2)

56,000.6 (40,633.9–80,246.4)

49,921.7 (37,941.0–72,519.6)

 LPC(18:1)

21,454.3 (15,067.6–27,481.6)

21,789 (19,151–29,051)

20,582.1 (15,193.3–26,645.2)

26,269.2 (19,120.5–32,008.3)

 LPC(18:2)

27,509.3 (23,480.1–35,012.6)

43,606 (36,613–51,253)

29,714.0 (24,478.3–35,012.0)

44,172.4 (37,096.7–54,805.1)

 LPC(18:3)

13,616.8 (11,638.8–15,873.7)

11,489 (9480–12,909)

13,153.1 (11,447.2–14,964.1)

11,987.2 (9410.4–14,232.1)

 LPC(20:0)

240.3 (195.0–2721.8

179.9 (128.8–214.5)

211.5 (142.3–300.6)

195.2 (147.0–250.7)

 LPC(20:2)

431.6 (223.3–603.5)

505.6 (324.2–729.5)

332.2 (273.4–565.4)

538.1 (413.1–763.0)

 LPC(20:3)

9995.9 ± 3311.8

10,234.2 ± 2985.6

10,128.2 ± 3877.3

11,989.3 ± 4074.7^#

 LPC(20:4)

10,415.2 (9050.0–12,533.2)

22,367.1 (18,945.2–27,351.0)

9537.0 (8019.2–13,176.2)

23,141.1 (18,657.2–30,853.1)

 LPC(20:5)

5946.8 (4188.1–6098.2)

7162.1 (6231.0–8515.7)

5548.6 (4449.0–6600.0)

7380.1 (6296.8–8854.0)

 LPC(22:6)

2154.4 (1496.9–2841.6)

4731 (3964–7186)

2039.1 (1394.3–2047.0)

5763.1 (4396.7–7838.1)

 LPE(16:0)

575.5 (437.8–733.7)

506.9 (409.4–689.7)

685.2 (530.7–882.2)*

646.4 (447.8–1000.5)

 LPE(18:0)

632.9 (434.0–876.8)

322.9 (229.4–417.5)

682.3 (462.8–955.6)

362.4 (255.5–475.9)

 LPE(O-20:0)

326.1 ± 150.4

232.3 ± 110.2

324.5 ± 196.0

283.1 ± 187.0

LPI(18:0)

286.1 (145.7–426.6)

649.0 (545.0–1019.9)

266.2 (166.9–538.2)

770.2 (591.7–1063.6)

 LPI(20:4)

135.1 (8.31–214.0)

642.8 (505.1–772.2)

156.7 (117.3–238.0)

750.9 (552.6–883.7)

 LPS(O-18:0)

161.9 (102.2–189.9)

137.1 (111.0–179.0)

156.6 (79.3–230.5)

84.9 (62.7–126.7)

 PC(O-36:3)

2406.3 (1419.2–4111.8)

1645.2 (1028.1–2062.1)

2601.0 (2043.8–3684.2)

1416.1 (978.2–2124.0)

 PC(34:0)

3277.6 (2676.6–3817.9)

2862.6 (2007.3–3850.8)

2615.7 (1906.1–3682.2)*

2662.1 (2300.6–3108.3)

 PC(36:4)

93,069.1 (79,780.3–136,743.0)

102,356.0 (74,512.1–151,229.2)

85,712.1 (69,863.2–123,458.7)

82,948.5 (64,544.1–106,702.8)

 PC(38:4)

62,078.4 (51,420.4–81,452.7)

60,376.6 (49,836.6–88,052.3)

51,559.8 (45,042.3–69,994.4)*

54,934.6 (43,751.4–67,162.3)

 PC(P-38:5)

1997.1 (1525.7–3132.2)

1076.7 (545.6–1717.7)

1868.1 (1443.7–2673.1)

834.8 (584.1–1232.5)

 PC(40:5)

4708.1 (2919.5–6161.2)

4472.5 (2727.7–7600.9)

3020.5 (1615.0–5141.7)*

3764.6 (2770.9–4453.6)

 PC(40:8)

5548.6 (3987.5–8139.5)

4550.1 (2762.6–6087.2)

5139.6 (3316.1–6483.0)

4002.0 (3025.1–5229.7)

 PC(40:9)

1262.7 (704.9–1563.1)

1222.2 (831.9–1621.9)

1022.2 (766.7–1213.7)

770.0 (549.5–1103.0)

 PI(34:2)

5696.3 (3559.2–11,738.2)

3535 (2142–6030)

7266.5 (3857.6–14,957.1)

4547.6 (1833.0–10,994.1)

 PI(36:2)

5850.2 (4289.3–8214.6)

5376.2 (3834.7–7459.8)

6546.3 (4829.2–8008.2)

4412.7 (3257.6–6519.1)

 PI(36:3)

1196.8 (774.1–1642.2)

929.8 (732.7–1315.8)

1156.7 (863.7–1461.1)

867.2 (592.8–1153.4)

 PI(36:4)

13,953.2 (4650.9–25,982.1)

5958.3 (3447.4–15,387.2)

13,822.2 (5681.0–29,772.2)

7950.0 (3106.8–24,503.1)

 PI(38:4)

26,434.9 (18,158.4–38,048.0)

23,546.5 (16,653.2–33,951.2)

29,146.6 (22,843.2–36,429.2)

21,230.1 (15,293.6–31,947.8)

 PI(38:6)

2417.7 (1479.4–48,710.8)

1712.3 (1181.8–3517.3)

3413.8 (2439.5–5993.4)

2308.4 (1689.1–3363.4)

 PI(40:6)

794.9 (589.5–1326.9)

543.3 (421.2–829.7)

932.1 (680.0–1457.6)

646.1 (489.2–1081.1)

 PS(P-36:1)

4455.3 (2066.7–7302.3)

2056.2 (1040.2–3618.7)

3341.2 (2557.0–5854.9)

2351.0 (1410.1–3852.2)

Triglyceride (pmol/ml)

 TG(46:11)

247.4 (132.5–668.7)

121.2 (87.3–418.6)

219.2 (156.8–517.2)

194.1 (89.2–284.2)

 TG(48:0)

290.9 (117.6–594.5)

250.8 (83.1–535.7)

482.4 (135.7–1054.5)

463.8 (103.9–1081.2)^#

 TG(P-52:1)

26.5 (18.8–56.7)

27.7 (14.7–40.9)

42.0 (25.7–66.0)

42.8 (22.5–65.5)^#

 TG(52:7)

275.6 (148.7–418.7)

215.2 (128.7–335.2)

320.1 (154.0–762.8)

311.2 (172.1–518.0)^#

 TG(54:8)

711.3 (419.8–1176.3)

579.2 (284.1–909.1)

937.5 (433.3–2118.2)

913.9 (433.4–1363.6)^#