Table 3 Selected signature mRNA expression of the PPAR signaling pathway through PCR assay in the left atria of mitral regurgitation patients with heart failure vs. normal control

Lipid metabolism

 APOA1

Apolipoprotein A-I

 HMGCS2

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2

 ACADM

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain

 FABP3

Fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart (mammary-derived growth inhibitor)

 ETFDH

Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase

 MLYCD

Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

 ECH1

Enoyl CoA hydratase 1, peroxisomal

 CPT1B

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B

 CPT2

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2

 SLC27A6

Solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 6

 ACAA2

Acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2

 EHHADH

Enoyl-CoA, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase

 SLC27A1

Solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 1

 ACSL3

Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3

 CPT1A

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A

 PLTP

Phospholipid transfer protein

Coactivator

 SMARCD3

SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily d, member 3

 PPARGC1B

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta

Signaling and stimulation of insulin

 SORBS1

Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1

Transcription factor

 PPARA

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

 KLF10

Kruppel-like factor 10

Mediating protein–protein interactions

 FGR

Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog

Adipocyte differentiation

 MMP9

Matrix metallopeptidase 9