Fig. 1

The experimental protocol. a The timeline of experimental procedures. After anesthesia smoothly, DSP-4 was administered intracerebroventricularly for 10 min after fully injected with flow rate 1 µl/min. Lateral ventricle injection time as a starting point. At 35 min, VNS was given just 30 min before MCA occlusion, and at the 135 min, VNS was again given just after MCA reperfusion. MCA: middle cerebral artery. VNS: vagus nerve stimulation. b The timeline of behavioral tests