Table 2 Characteristics of the cohort by CV risk and MED score group
0–3 | 4–5 | ≥6 | p | 0–3 | 4–5 | ≥6 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 406 | 379 | 112 | 362 | 306 | 93 | ||
Age (years) | 51.9 ± 5.4 | 52.0 ± 4.6 | 52.1 ± 4.7 | 0.96 | 57.7 ± 4.9 | 57.5 ± 4.8 | 57.7 ± 4.4 | 0.81 |
Males (%) | 56.9 | 58.3 | 58.0 | 0.92 | 36.5 | 36.9 | 19.4 | 0.004 |
Living in a rural area (%) | 44.6 | 41.4 | 37.5 | 0.36 | 40.3 | 34.3 | 40.9 | 0.23 |
University (%) | 7.6 | 10.8 | 15.2 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 5.4 | ||
Secondary school (%) | 21.9 | 20.8 | 20.5 | 13.3 | 14.4 | 15.1 | ||
Primary school (%) | 70.4 | 68.3 | 64.3 | 0.18 | 82.3 | 81.1 | 79.6 | 0.98 |
Current smokers (%) | 15.8 | 11.9 | 17.0 | 0.20 | 30.2 | 40.9 | 35.5 | 0.02 |
METS (h/week)* | 22.7 ± 11.2 | 21.6 ± 9.7 | 22.1 ± 10.2 | 0.34 | 20.6 ± 10.5 | 20.7 ± 10.1 | 20.0 ± 10.1 | 0.87 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 4.6 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 0.22 | 27.8 ± 4.7 | 27.8 ± 4.9 | 25.6 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.7 ± 12.6 | 89.4 ± 12.6 | 88.0 ± 11.9 | 0.46 | 94.9 ± 12.6 | 92.2 ± 13.4 | 87.1 ± 12.7 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.6 ± 13.4 | 127.0 ± 12.5 | 128.8 ± 13.3 | 0.45 | 141.1 ± 16.2 | 141.2 ± 15.9 | 139.9 ± 14.6 | 0.77 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.8 ± 8.5 | 80.1 ± 8.4 | 81.6 ± 9.4 | 0.01 | 86.1 ± 9.5 | 85.8 ± 9.6 | 85.2 ± 8.8 | 0.66 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 99.5 ± 16.1 | 99.9 ± 18.7 | 97.3 ± 11.0 | 0.35 | 120.0 ± 53.0 | 105.7 ± 23.0 | 97.3 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
Fasting insulin (µU/ml)** | 8.3 ± 5.0 | 7.9 ± 3.8 | 7.8 ± 3.2 | 0.43 | 9.7 ± 6.4 | 9.2 ± 4.6 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | 0.007 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 203.0 ± 35.5 | 205.4 ± 36.1 | 202.3 ± 37.9 | 0.57 | 231.1 ± 43.8 | 231.2 ± 37.4 | 240.6 ± 34.6 | 0.10 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 62.2 ± 14.5 | 61.7 ± 14.0 | 63.1 ± 13.9 | 0.68 | 58.0 ± 11.9 | 58.2 ± 12.1 | 60.5 ± 12.6 | 0.18 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl)** | 121.8 ± 71.1 | 124.0 ± 73.9 | 117.2 ± 48.2 | 0.81 | 165.9 ± 135.4 | 154.5 ± 82.3 | 150.7 ± 68.5 | 0.48 |
CRP (mg/l)** | 2.1 ± 3.3 | 2.5 ± 6.8 | 1.7 ± 2.1 | 0.71 | 3.6 ± 8.3 | 2.9 ± 4.1 | 2.5 ± 2.8 | 0.13 |
CV risk score | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | 0.90 | 17.2 ± 8.1 | 16.9 ± 6.7 | 17.3 ± 6.0 | 0.80 |
Total caloric intake (kcal/day) | 2169.3 ± 671.6 | 2058.4 ± 668.6 | 2126.5 ± 597.1 | 0.06 | 2022.6 ± 663.0 | 2025.6 ± 700.4 | 1964.8 ± 592.6 | 0.73 |
Vegetables (g/day)** | 170.6 ± 90.6 | 203.3 ± 95.7 | 250.0 ± 144.9 | <0.001 | 157.5 ± 90.0 | 195.9 ± 100.9 | 241.8 ± 145.9 | <0.001 |
Legumes (g/day)** | 10.8 ± 11.3 | 18.1 ± 14.6 | 21.2 ± 14.6 | <0.001 | 14.2 ± 16.2 | 18.2 ± 15.7 | 20.9 ± 14.2 | <0.001 |
Fruits and nuts (g/day)** | 254.3 ± 157.8 | 412.5 ± 194.8 | 576.1 ± 286.1 | <0.001 | 273.8 ± 145.9 | 425.2 ± 218.5 | 560.2 ± 154.8 | <0.001 |
Dairy products (g/day)** | 213.8 ± 185.4 | 169.4 ± 235.1 | 96.1 ± 84.0 | <0.001 | 255.8 ± 222.4 | 154.2 ± 135.4 | 97.6 ± 78.5 | <0.001 |
Cereals (g/day)** | 209.4 ± 134.4 | 233.2 ± 118.0 | 265.5 ± 104.6 | <0.001 | 183.5 ± 123.8 | 212.6 ± 94.7 | 257.9 ± 90.7 | <0.001 |
Meats and meat products (g/day) | 170.1 ± 116.7 | 138.3 ± 64.1 | 118.1 ± 49.1 | <0.001 | 143.8 ± 72.1 | 139.1 ± 76.6 | 112.6 ± 46.8 | <0.001 |
Fish (g/day)** | 24.5 ± 21.3 | 38.1 ± 21.9 | 55.3 ± 35.1 | <0.001 | 24.8 ± 20.1 | 38.4 ± 25.8 | 52.3 ± 34.9 | <0.001 |
Monounsaturated: saturated fat ratio | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Alcohol (g/day)** | 21.1 ± 25.0 | 17.5 ± 20.6 | 17.4 ± 18.5 | 0.31 | 16.4 ± 24.8 | 16.5 ± 22.6 | 12.3 ± 11.8 | 0.32 |