Fig. 4
From: Increased expression of upstream TH2-cytokines in a mouse model of viral-induced asthma exacerbation
Inflammatory cytokines induced by HDM challenge and dsRNA exacerbation, respectively, in lung tissue. HDM challenge alone caused a transiently increased expression of only TNF-α (a) whereas exacerbation induced by additional dsRNA challenges increased the mRNA expression of all four cytokines; TNF-α (a) CCL2 (b), CCL5 (c) and IL-1β (d). The data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4–6 mice in each group). ##p < 0.01 compared to saline control, while ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05 compared to HDM/saline control