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Table 1 Role of main stem/progenitor cells in the regeneration/repair after acute lung injury

From: Stem/progenitor cells in endogenous repairing responses: new toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury

Origin

Locus

Cell type

Way of acquisition

Main contribution

References

Intrapulmonary stem/progenitor cells

Trachea, bronchi

Basal cell

Activation

Differentiation toward goblet cells, ciliated cells, mucous cells and serous cells

[61]

Trachea

Duct cell

Activation

Differentiation toward goblet cells, ciliated cells, mucous cells, serous cells and myoepithelial cells

[62, 63]

Bronchiole

Clara cell

Activation

Differentiation toward ciliated, AT1 and AT2 cells

[58, 64, 65, 80]

Bronchiole, bronchioalveolar duct junction

Variant Clara cell

Activation

Differentiation toward cilia cells, Clara cell and PNECs

[58, 64, 65]

Bronchioalveolar duct junction

Bronchioalveolar stem cell

Activation

Differentiation toward bronchiolar Clara cells and alveolar cells

[72, 98]

Mesenchymal

Mesenchymal stem cell, stromal cell

Activation

Bronchioalveolar stem cells increase, preservation of epithelial permeability, anti- oxidative stress

[83–85]

Bronchiole, bronchioalveolar duct junction

Human lung stem cell

Activation

Differentiation toward Alveolar and endothelia cells

[81]

Alveolus

Alveolar type II cells

Activation

Differentiation toward Alveolar type I cells and BASC

[64, 65, 69]

Alveolus

AEPC

Activation

Differentiation toward Alveolar type I and II cells

[82]

Extrapulmonary stem/progenitor cells

Bone marrow

Mesenchymal stem cell

Mobilization, isolation

Bacteria clearance, anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[9]

Epithelial progenitor cell

Mobilization, isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[10]

Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell

Mobilization, isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[14, 15]

Placenta

Amniotic fluid stem cells

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[38, 39]

Amnion epithelial cells

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[40]

Umbilical cord CD34+ progenitor cells

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[42]

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[41]

Fetal membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[37]

Adipose

Mesenchymal stem cell

Isolation

Anti-inflammation through eNOS and eNOS-derived NO, tissue repair

[34–36]

Embryo

Embryonic stem cells

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, generation of functional airway epithelium

[45]

Embryonic stem cell-derived progenitor cells

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[44]

Blood

Mesenchymal stem cell

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[43]

Epithelial progenitor cell

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[12]

Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell

Isolation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[14]

 

Engineering stem/progenitor cell

iPSCs

Isolation and genetic manipulation

Anti-inflammation via NF-KB and Src pathway, differentiation toward alveolar epithelial cells

[49–52]

Modified mesenchymal stem cell

Isolation and genetic manipulation

Anti-inflammation, tissue repair

[53, 54, 56]