Transforming growth factor-beta 1 produced by vascular smooth muscle cells predicts fibrosis in the gastrocnemius of patients with peripheral artery disease

Table 1 Demographics of study groups

	CTRL	PAD-II	PAD-IV	p value
Number of patients	20	25	20	N/A
Mean age (years)	62.1 ± 5.40	64.1 ± 7.80	69.9 ± 9.40*	0.011
Gender (male/female)	19/1	24/1	20/0	0.983
Height (m)	1.75 ± 0.07	1.76 ± 0.06	1.77 ± 0.06	0.576
Weight (kg)	91.0 ± 17.4	87.5 ± 18.8	85.0 ± 21.1	0.598
Body mass index	29.9 ± 6.40	28.2 ± 5.16	28.4 ± 6.61	0.593
Obesity^a (%)	45	36	25	0.416
Smoking (%)	50.0	56.0	30.0	0.202
Diabetes Mellitus (%)	25.0	20.0	65.0*	0.004
Dyslipidemia (%)	55.0	80.0	60.0	0.166
Coronary artery disease (%)	20.0	36.0	35.0	0.701
Myocardial infraction (%)	0.00	8.00	0.00	0.192
Hypertension (%)	65.0	84.0	90.0	0.116
Statins Medication (%)	70.0	84.0	65.0	0.317
Renal insufficiency^b (%)	5.00	12.0	20.0	0.352
Ankle Brachial Index^c (minimum–maximum)	1.04 ± 0.11* (0.79–1.20)	0.55 ± 0.22* (0.10–0.95)	0.22 ± 0.13* (0.00–0.44)	<0.001

CTRL Control subject, PAD-II PAD patient at Fontaine Stage II, PAD-IV PAD patient at Fontaine Stage IV
* p < 0.05 compared to each of the other two groups by post-hoc Bonferroni adjusted t tests
^aObesity: Body mass index >30
^bRenal insufficiency: Creatinine clearance <60 ml/min/1.73m2
^cABI: data presented as mean ± standard deviation

ISSN: 1479-5876