Table 1 Demographic characteristics and metabolism and bone status of the study population

Demographic

 Number (men/women)

1659 (755/904)

413 (192/221)

416 (194/222)

414 (185/229)

416 (184/232)

 Age (years)

62 (56–72)

63 (56–74)

64 (57–74)

61 (55–71)^a,b

62 (55–70)^a,b

 Alcohol drinking n (%)

128 (7.2 %)

30 (7.3 %)

29 (7.0 %)

36 (9.2 %)

30 (7.2 %)

 Cigarette smoking n (%)

340 (19.1 %)

76 (18.4 %)

85 (20.4 %)

90 (21.7 %)

84 (20.2 %)

 Height (cm)

161.4 ± 8.3

161.4 ± 8.0

161.0 ± 8.0

161.5 ± 8.4

161.8 ± 8.4

 Weight (kg)

63.4 ± 10.8

60.8 ± 9.4

60.8 ± 10.1

63.0 ± 10.7^a,b

68.9 ± 10.7^a,b,c

 BMI (kg/m²)

24.3 ± 3.3

23.3 ± 2.7

23.4 ± 3.0

24.1 ± 3.4^a,b

26.3 ± 3.1^a,b,c

Medication

 Calcium n (%)

215 (12.1 %)

57 (13.8 %)

51 (12.3 %)

43 (10.4 %)

4 9 (11.8 %)

 Vitamin D n (%)

92 (5.2 %)

28 (6.8 %)

19 (4.6 %)

15 (3.6 %)

22 (5.3 %)

 Bisphophonates n (%)

4 (0.2 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

1 (0.2 %)

2 (0.5 %)

Metabolic parameters

 SBP (mmHg)

134 (123–150)

133 (121–147)

133 (121–148)

133 (122–149)

137 (128–153)^a,b,c

 DBP (mmHg)

77 (70–83)

76 (69–83)

75 (68–82)

76 (69–83)

79 (73–85)^a,b,c

 ALT (IU/L)

16 (12–22)

15 (12–19)

14 (11–19)

16 (12–21)

20 (14–28)^a,b,c

 AST (IU/L)

20 (17–23)

20 (17–22)

19 (17–22)

19 (17–23)

20 (18–25)^a,b,c

 GGT (IU/L)

24 (18–36)

21 (16–29)

21 (17–31)

24 (18–38)^a,b

29 (21–42)^a,b,c

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.4 (1.1–2.1)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)^a,b

1.8 (1.3–2.5)^a,b,c

 Cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.12 ± 0.95

5.13 ± 0.93

5.02 ± 0.91

5.16 ± 0.94^b

5.16 ± 1.00^b

 HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.4 (1.1–1.6)

1.5 (1.2–1.7)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)^a,b

1.2 (1.1–1.4)^a,b,c

 LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.95 ± 0.81

3.00 ± 0.79

2.87 ± 0.76^a

2.97 ± 0.81

2.94 ± 0.86

 Apo-A (U/L)

1.4 (1.3–1.6)

1.52 (1.32–1.70)

1.44 (1.26–1.66)^a

1.41 (1.24–1.62)^a

1.37 (1.21–1.56)^a,b,c

 Apo-B (U/L)

1.02 ± 0.22

1.00 ± 0.21

0.98 ± 0.23

1.03 ± 0.21

1.06 ± 0.22^a,b,c

 FBG (mmol/L)

5.1 (4.8–5.7)

5.0 (4.7–5.6)

5.1 (4.8–5.6)

5.1 (4.8–5.6)

5.3 (4.9–6.0)^a,b,c

 PBG (mmol/L)

6.8 (5.6–8.8)

6.3 (5.3–7.9)

6.4 (5.3–7.9)

6.8 (5.6–9.2)^a,b

7.8 (6.6–10.2)^a,b,c

 eGFR (mL/min)

95 (84–108)

95 (83–110)

94 (83–106)

95 (85–110)

94 (83–108)

Body composition

 Body fat percentage (%)

34.2 (28.9–39.1)

32.7 (27.6–38.2)

32.9 (27.8–37.7)

34.3 (28.8–39.0)^a,b

36.4 (31.6–41.2)^a,b,c

 Trunk fat (kg)

11.6 (9.3–14.0)

10.5 (8.5–12.7)

10.6 (8.2–12.8)

11.5 (9.5–13.9)^a,b

13.8 (11.6–16.2)^a,b,c

 Appendicular fat (kg)

7.5 (6.2–9.1)

7.0 (5.8–8.6)

7.2 (5.9–8.6)

7.4 (6.1–8.9)^a

8.4 (7.0–10.0)^a,b,c

 Trunk-Appendicular fat ratio

1.50 (1.29–1.72)

1.44 (1.24–1.63)

1.40 (1.20–1.64)

1.54 (1.32–1.76)^a,b

1.62 (1.45–1.83)^a,b,c

 Liver fat content (%)

4.9 (2.1–11.5)

0.5 (0.0–1.4)

3.4 (2.8–4.1)^a

7.5 (6.1–9.3)^a,b

16.6 (14.1–21.4)^a,b,c

Bone status

 Spine BMD (g/cm²)^d

1.0624 ± 0.1683

1.0715 ± 0.1703

1.0728 ± 0.1627

1.0693 ± 0.1708

1.0359 ± 0.1674^a,b,c

 Hip BMD (g/cm²)^d

0.8174 ± 0.1163

0.8216 ± 0.1180

0.8238 ± 0.1156

0.8199 ± 0.1166

0.8043 ± 0.1144^a,b,c

 Whole-body BMD (g/cm²)^d

1.0708 ± 0.1151

1.0811 ± 0.1193

1.0785 ± 0.1069

1.0717 ± 0.1171

1.0516 ± 0.1149^a,b,c

 Osteocalcin (ng/ml)

18.6 (14.4–23.5)

19.0 (14.6–23.8)

19.8 (15.0–24.2)

18.6 (14.2–24.1)^b

17.4 (13.7–22.0)^a,b,c

 25(OH)Vit D (nmol/L)

44.5 (34.6–58.3)

46.5 (35.0–59.5)

42.9 (33.3–56.4)

43.7 (34.7–58.4)

44.9 (34.6–58.8)

 ALP (U/L)

73 (62–87)

73 (62–87)

73 (62–87)

73 (61–86)

76 (64–90)

 β-CTx (ng/ml)

0.40 (0.26–0.58)

0.39 (0.29–0.56)

0.40 (0.27–0.61)

0.41 (0.25–0.56)

0.40 (0.26–0.59)