Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with hip fracture and controls

Age (years), median (IQR)

64 (55–74)

64 (55–74)

NS

BMI (kg/m², IQR)

25.7 (23.5–27.4)

25.8 (23.4–27.5)

NS

Smoker (%)

22.9

21.5

NS

Inadequate sun exposure (%)

53.0

30.9

<0.001

Season of blood collection (winter, %)

25.5

25.8

NS

History of falls during the last year, median (IQR)

3 (2–4)

1 (0–2)

0.018

Hip fracture type (%)

–

 Femoral head fracture

47.3

 Femoral neck fracture

44.4

 Subtrochanteric

8.3

Concomitant upper-limb fractures (%)

8.3

–

 Distal radius (%)

5.7

–

 Proximal humerus (%)

2.6

–

Patients had associated comorbid illnesses (%)

37.0

37.0

NS

 Diabetes

16.6

16.3

NS

 Hypertension

24.6

25.2

NS

 Cardiovascular disease

12.9

12.6

NS

 Hyperlipoproteinemia

21.8

21.8

NS

Receiving treatment for comorbid conditions (%)

28.7

28.4

NS

 Glucose treatment

14.3

13.8

NS

 Blood pressure treatment

22.6

21.5

NS

 Use of lipid-lowering medication

17.2

16.3

NS

MMSE < 24 (%)

22.1

10.0

0.025

Neurologic impairment (%)

18.9

8.3

0.027

Time between fracture and blood collection (hs) median (IQR)

17.9 (11.2–24.6)

–

Hospital stay (days), median (IQR)

13 (8–19)

–

Laboratory findings (IQR)

 Serum calcium (mmol/L)

2.39 (2.25–2.47)

2.48 (2.32–2.62)

0.032

 Serum phosphate (mmol/L)

1.49 (1.13–1.76)

1.51 (1.20–1.77)

NS

 Serum ALP (IU/L)

246 (145–342)

159 (100–236)

<0.001

 Serum Hs-CRP (mg dL⁻¹)

0.36 (0.22–0.42)

0.29 (0.18–0.36)

0.002

 Serum iPTH (pmol/L)

10.2 (6.3–14.9)

5.8 (4.1–6.6)

<0.0001

 Serum 25(OH) D (nmol/L)

37.0 (28.0–48.0)

41.3 (32.0–54.5)

<0.0001

Vitamin D deficiency [n (%)]

71.3

45.8

<0.0001

Hyperparathyroidism [n (%)]

63.6

35.8

<0.0001