Table 1 Analysis of demographic variables, clinical variables, global anatomical measurements, and cognitive assessments between the healthy controls and patients with Parkinson’s disease

Age (years)

54.59 ± 9.32

50.88 ± 10.51

0.183^a

Sex (male/female)

11/16

11/14

1.000^b

Education (years)

9.22 ± 4.91

11.76 ± 4.27

0.053^a

GMV (l)

0.54 ± 0.06

0.57 ± 0.05

0.58^c

WMV (l)

0.54 ± 0.05

0.57 ± 0.05

0.108^c

CSFV (l)

0.22 ± 0.03

0.21 ± 0.03

0.412^c

TIV (l)

1.29 ± 0.11

1.35 ± 0.11

0.032^d*

UPDRS I

3.37 ± 2.53

–

–

UPDRS II

10.44 ± 8.06

–

–

UPDRS III

23.48 ± 12.64

–

–

UPDRS total score

37.15 ± 21.69

–

–

Modified HY-stage^e

1.98 ± 1.05

–

–

SE-ADL^f

85.19 ± 17.18

–

–

MMSE

25.04 ± 4.28

PIQ

85.78 ± 16.93

104.52 ± 20.16

0.002^d*

 Perceptual organization index

85.74 ± 17.75

101.52 ± 17.38

0.004^d*

  Picture completion

7.33 ± 3.14

10.52 ± 4.44

0.007^d*

  Block design

7.07 ± 3.23

9.96 ± 2.88

0.002^d*

  Matrix reasoning

8.07 ± 3.82

10.60 ± 3.19

0.020^d*

 Processing speed index

  Digit symbol

6.81 ± 3.08

10.24 ± 2.30

<0.001^d*

TBARS (μM)

14.5 ± 3.95

9.10 ± 2.50

<0.001*

Thiol (μM)

1.40 ± 0.50

1.50 ± 0.30

0.191