Evidence of IL-17, IP-10, and IL-10 involvement in multiple-organ dysfunction and IL-17 pathway in acute renal failure associated to Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Table 1 Demographic profiles of the patients infected with P. falciparum malaria and controls

Groups	Criterion	No. of patients (%)	Median age (range)	Sex (M/F)
EC	Healthy subjects from malaria-endemic areas	21 (9.46)	29 (17–52)	20/1
SEPT	Severe sepsis patients	10 (4.5)	39 (24–70)	5/5
ENC	Viral encephalitis patients	9 (4.06)	35 (13–72)	7/2
MM	Patients having fever without complications	37 (16.67)	28 (15–62)	25/12
SNCM	Patients without cerebral involvement, but with either: severe anemia^a or jaundice^b, or ARF^c, or acute respiratory distress^d, or shock^e or haemoglobinuria	53 (23.87)	34 (15–65)	36/17
MOD	Patients showing involvement of two or more organs: CNS, respiratory distress, ARF, or hepatic dysfunction^f	9 (4.06)	28 (16–55)	8/1
CM	Patients with fever and altered sensorium, unarousable coma with Glasgow Coma Scale of ≤10^g	42 (18.91)	28 (15–65)	32/10
CM-MOD	CM patients with MOD	41 (18.47)	35 (15–70)	31/10
Total		222 (100 %)	30 (13–72)	164/58

EC endemic control, SEPT septicemia, ENC encephalitis, MM mild malaria, SNCM severe non-cerebral malaria, MOD multiple organ dysfunction, CM cerebral malaria, CM-MOD cerebral malaria with multiple organ dysfunction, ARF acute renal failure
^aHaemoglobin ≤ 5 g/dl
^bSerum bilirubin ≥ 3 mg/dl
^cSerum creatinin ≥ 3 mg/dl
^dPaO₂/FIO₂ ≤ 200
^eSystolic BP ≤ 80 mmHg
^fALT/AST ≥3 times of normal, prolonged prothrombin time, and albuminaemia
^gCategorized as CM after excluding other causes of encephalopathy, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and metabolic encephalopathy, by biochemical investigations of CSF

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