Fig. 3

LPS pre-Exo converted inflammatory THP-1 cells to M2 polarization. a Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) and M2 macrophages surface marker CD163 expression in THP-1 cells after culturing with LPS pre-Exo for various times. mRNA expression of interest genes is normalized to GADPH and given as relative change. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. *Compared with Con, p < 0.05;^#compared with HG, p < 0.05. b Immunofluorescence analysis of macrophage phenotype, and iNOS (M1 green) or Arg1 (M2 red) were expressed in THP-1 cells (Hoechst blue). Scale bar 50 µm