Endothelial glycocalyx shedding and vascular permeability in severely injured trauma patients

Table 2 Summary of measured glycocalyx components, catecholamines and ECIS resistance

	Healthy controls (N = 5)	Normal COP (N = 11)	Low COP (N = 11)	p-value
Plasma COP (mmHg)	21.2 (19.1, 21.3)	21.6 (16.2, 21.9)	12.4 (10.7, 13.9)^a,b	<0.001
Chondroitin sulfate (U/L)	22.9 (22.5, 23.3)	32.3 (31.3, 33.7)^a	32.7 (27.6, 33.9)^a	0.003
Heparan sulfate (ng/ml)	133.9 (130.5, 138.3)	180.0 (176.4, 185.9)^a	176.7 (151.5, 185.8)^a	0.003
Hyaluronic acid (ng/ml)	627.6 (484.1, 753.1)	93.5 (49.0, 885.4)	380.9 (216.6, 682.4)^a,b	0.035
Syndecan-1 (ng/ml)	31.6 ± 15.3*	34.6 (19.3, 43.1)	221.7 (88.3, 477.4)^a,b	<0.001
Adrenaline (ng/ml)	72.1 ± 99.2^†	90.5 (58.7, 226.9)	805.8 (659.3, 4319.3)^a,b	0.014
Noradrenaline (ng/ml)	282 ± 454.7^†	739.8 (189.5, 1006.2)	987.1 (352.3, 1187.4)	0.245
TEER (Ωcm ² )	1066.3 (1057.8, 1074.8)	1101.6 (1089.6, 1115.5)	1067.3^b (1043.7, 1096.4)	0.016
Normalized TEER	1.30 (1.29, 1.31)	1.35 (1.33, 1.38)	1.31 (1.27, 1.33)	0.016

Median and IQR values are reported for each group. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess differences between groups (p-values shown). Multiple comparisons were also made: first comparing trauma patients to healthy controls and then comparing Low COP to Normal COP; ^aindicates significant difference from healthy controls, ^bindicates significant difference between Low and Normal COP groups (p < 0.05).
*Reference value for syndecan-1 levels in healthy volunteers was provided by Abcam.
^†Adrenaline and noradrenaline healthy control values were obtained from Ostrowski et al. 2013 [16].

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