Caulerpa lentillifera extract ameliorates insulin resistance and regulates glucose metabolism in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in myocytes

Table 3 Effect of CLE on plasma insulin, TNF-α, IL-6, FFA, TG, TC, and HOMA-IR in db/db mice

Groups	Insulin (pmol/mL)	HOMA-IR (mM × mU/mL)	TNF-α (pg/mL)	IL-6 (pg/mL)	FFA (mmol/L)	TG (mmol/L)	TC (mmol/L)
Normal	16.7 ± 2.7	0.7 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.5	25.4 ± 5. 9	0.59 ± 0.08	67.6 ± 7.7	112.2 ± 9.5
Control	121.2 ± 7.8^##	22.4 ± 2.4^##	25.0 ± 3.0^##	100.4 ± 6.3^##	1.61 ± 0.21^##	185.7 ± 19.8^##	229.5 ± 15.2^##
CLE-250	101.9 ± 8.8	15.1 ± 0.9^**	19.8 ± 3.6	80.4 ± 6.8	1.40 ± 0.13	140.6 ± 14.6^*	191.9 ± 17.1
CLE-500	92.3 ± 7.4^*	12.5 ± 1.1^**	15.3 ± 2.1^*	70.4 ± 7.0^*	1.10 ± 0.15^*	129.5 ± 16.3^*	173.3 ± 14.4^*
RSG-10	75.6 ± 10.0^**	4.0 ± 0.5^**	13.0 ± 2.3^**	55.8 ± 15.0^**	1.00 ± 0.07^**	111.9 ± 14.9^**	155.2 ± 12.0^**

Each value represents the mean ± SE, n = 7 mice. ^## p < 0.01, control group versus normal group; ^* p < 0.05 and ^** p < 0.01, control group versus sample treated groups. CLE-250, db/db mice treated with C. lentillifera extract at 250 mg/kg body weight, CLE-500, db/db mice treated with C. lentillifera extract at 500 mg/kg body weight, RSG-10, db/db mice treated with rosiglitazone at 10 mg/kg body weight.

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