Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects (N = 342)

Mean Age (Yrs ± SD)

46.81 ± 10.32

55.64 ± 10.23

4.702 ×10 ⁻¹⁰

57.86 ± 8.67

1.403 ×10 ⁻¹¹

0.101

Gender: Males

44 (42.3%)

58 (36.3%)

0.3252

36 (46.2%)

0.6073

>0.05

Gender: Females

60 (57.7%)

102 (63.8%)

42 (53.8%)

Mean Glucose levels (mmole/lit) ± SD

5.36 ± 0.97

10.55 ± 6.68

2.5×10 ⁻⁸

9.92 ± 4.23

1.2 × 10 ⁻¹²

0.491

BMI (mean)

30.41 ± 6.70

34.08 ± 6.99

5.3 × 10 ⁻⁵

33.92 ± 6.53

0.001

0.867

Creatinine level (micromole/lit) ± SD

72.44 ± 36.81

69.30 ± 28.55

0.529

81.5 ± 45.27

0.236

0.025

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) mean% ± SD (mmol/mol)

5.63 ± 0.42 (38)

8.24 ± 1.72 (67)

5.2 × 10 ⁻⁹

8.82 ± 1.83 (73)

4.39 × 10 ⁻¹⁰

0.032

Total Cholesterol (mmol/lit) mean ± SD

5.07 ± 0.87

4.88 ± 0.99

0.253

4.62 ± 1.08

0.022

0.105

HDL (mmol/lit) mean ± SD

1.40 ± 0.34

1.22 ± 0.34

0.003

1.21 ± 0.34

0.008

0.930

LDL (mmol/lit) mean ± SD

3.11 ± 0.77

2.95 ± 0.94

0.299

2.68 ± 1.04

0.021

0.085

HDL/LDL ratio (mean ± SD)

0.48 ± 0.18

0.45 ± 0.19

0.457

0.55 ± 0.33

0.186

0.015

Triglycerides (mmol/lit) mean ± SD

1.24 ± 0.56

1.77 ± 1.23

0.006

1.62 ± 0.75

0.005

0.394

Blood Urea Nitrogen (mmol/lit) mean ± SD

5.14 ± 2.42

5.24 ± 2.54

0.793

6.97 ± 4.49

0.007

0.001

DR subtypes: No DR: BDR/NPDR: PDR:DME

104:0:0:0

160:0:0:0

NA

0:19(24.4%):10(12.8%):49(62.8%)

NA

NA

Presence of 1° Family history of diabetes

4/109 (3.67%)

45/160 (28.4%)

1.86 × 10 ⁻⁶

19/78 (24.4%)

0.0002

0.641

Usage of Hypoglycemics

0

136 (85.0%)

NA

63 (80.8%)

NA

0.457

Usage of Insulin

0

66 (41.3%)

NA

56 (71.8%)

NA

9.36 × 10 ⁻⁶

Fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mM

60 (37.5%)

NA

23 (29.5%)

NA

0.248

Gestational diabetes in females (n;%)

7 (11.7%)/60

48 (47.06%)/102

0.00011

22 (52.4%)/42

0.00023

0.714

Diabetes occurrence after pregnancy

0/65

28 (27.5%)/102

NA

14 (33.3%)/42

NA

0.546