From: Overcoming tumor immune evasion with an unique arbovirus
Immune evasion | Dengue counter-attack |
---|---|
Low levels of MHC on tumor cell prevent CTL recognition [11] | Hi Interferon-γ raises MHC levels by up-regulating MHC gene expression [37,52] |
Point mutations in Tumor Peptides prevent TCR binding [12] | LAK/CIK cells target “escaped” tumor cells expressing aberrant peptides or MHC [40,56] |
Tumor vessels lack factors for CTL attachment and trafficking [12] | Hi [TNF-a] restores gaps by altering PECAM-1, restores ICAM-1/VCAM-1 expression and P and E-selectins [22,57] |
FasL can kill Fas+ CTL by triggering apoptosis [12] | Hi [IL-6, 15] protects Fas+ CTL by up-regulating FLIP ligand [58,59] |
HLA-G protects from NK Cells [12] | |
Stromal barriers inhibit CTL [12] | Hi [IFN-γ] activates Macrophages to M1 [36] |
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, (MDSC) [61] | iNKT Cells can decrease MDSC [61] |
CTL inactivated by TGF-β [12] | |
Tumor PI-9 blocks CTL killing ([63] | Hi [CD8] & ICAM-1 expression can restore low-avidity CTL recognition and lysis by stabilizing weak interactions between TCR and MHC + self-peptide [64] |
T-regulatory cells block CTL [61] |