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Table 3 Breakfast eating frequency compared with health-promoting lifestyle and health status using one-way ANOVA

From: Associations between breakfast eating habits and health-promoting lifestyle, suboptimal health status in Southern China: a population based, cross sectional study

 

Breakfast eating frequency

One-way ANOVA

 

Group 1: scarcely (n = 4,738)

Group 2: sometimes (n = 7,285)

Group 3: always (n = 12,136)

F value

P-value

Multiple comparisons

Health-promoting lifestyle

      

Self-realization

22.36 (5.36)

24.16 (4.69)

26.02 (5.09)

969.296

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Health responsibility

14.88 (5.49)

15.96 (5.79)

16.94 (6.35)

211.507

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Sports and exercise

15.24 (4.27)

16.39 (4.33)

17.51 (5.07)

425.692

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Nutrition

15.42 (3.35)

17.75 (3.27)

19.89 (3.86)

2791.141

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Interpersonal relationship

21.30 (4.61)

23.19 (3.94)

25.12 (4.48)

1408.129

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Stress management

18.28 (3.92)

20.13 (3.48)

21.90 (4.12)

1563.43

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Total score

110.98 (19.90)

121.25 (18.68)

131.10 (21.84)

1738.884

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Health status

      

Health (n = 4,533)

79.60 (5.65)

79.60 (5.37)

81.15 (6.01)

38.627

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

SHS (n = 11,121)

62.60 (8.82)

64.29 (7.85)

66.08 (7.41)

171.653

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Disease (n = 8,505)

59.89 (10.93)

63.06 (10.22)

65.60 (10.52)

175.604

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

Total score

63.78 (10.98)

66.46 (10.26)

69.30 (10.64)

502.081

0.000

G1 <G2 <G3**

  1. Data presented as mean (SD). ANOVA indicates analysis of variance. Bonferroni was used in the multiple comparisons.
  2. ** P <0.001 (Significant after Bonferroni correction for post-hoc analysis).