Table 2 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of pregnant women after enrollment to before delivery by assignment

Attended individual education sessions

One session

-

66(19.5%)

Two sessions

-

47(13.9%)

Three sessions

-

226(66.7%)

Attended group education sessions

None

-

133(39.2%)

One session only

-

101(29.8%)

Two and more sessions

-

105(31.0%)

At 30 ^th gestational weeks

Attended the 30 gestational week follow-up

-

247(72.9%)

Weight gain from entry to 30^th gestational week, kg/week^a

0.1(0.5)

Number of self-monitoring of blood glucose

-

52(22)

Glycaemic control target achieved

-

231(93.5%)

Energy intake, Kcal/day

-

1832(347)

At 34 ^th gestational weeks

Attended the 34 ^th gestational week follow-up

221(61.2%)

252(74.3%)

<0.001

Weight gain from entry to 34^th gestational week, kg/week^a

0.31(0.32)

0.23(0.35)

0.012

Total number of self-monitoring of blood glucose

-

72(24)

Glycaemic control target achieved

-

203(80.6%)

Energy intake, Kcal/day^aa

1899(352)

1886(344)

0.718

HbA1c, %^ab

5.2(0.5)

5.2(0.5)

0.252

HbA1c, mmol/mol

33(3)

33(3)

0.252

Insulin use

1(0.3%)

4(1.2%)

0.156

Commuting in the past month^ac

0.731

Stay at home

103(46.6%)

114(45.2%)

Public transportation

64(29.0%)

71(28.3%)

Driving

39(17.7%)

53(21.1%)

Walking/biking

15(6.8%)

13(5.2%)

Engaged in leisure time physical activity in the past month: yes vs. no^ac

172(77.8%)

212(84.5%)

0.065

Reaching physical activity target in the past month (30 min per time, ≥7 times per week)^ac

57(25.8%)

86(34.3%)

0.045

Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) Score as a continuous variable^a

5.1(2.3)

4.9(2.6)

0.389

Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) Score as a categorical variable^a

0.548

≥15 (major depression)

1(0.5%)

2(0.8%)

10-14 (minor depression)

8(3.5%)

14(5.6%)

<10

211(95.9%)

236(93.7%)

At delivery

Weight gain during pregnancy, kg^b

15.7(6.4)

15.5(6.5)

0.785

Weight gain from 34^th gestational week to delivery, kg/week^c

0.62(0.54)

0.61(0.60)

0.896

Insulin use

18(5.0%)

25(7.4%)

0.188

The number of obstetric visits since 28^th gestational weeks^d

7.6(2.5)

7.8(3.0)

0.509