Beneficial effects of the olive oil phenolic components oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: focus on protection against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

Table 3 Effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in neoplastic, neurodegenerative and skin diseases

Protection	Model	Effect	Mechanism	References
Cancer	Bladder cancer cells	↓cell proliferation	n.d.	[75]
	Breast cancer cells	↓cell proliferation	↓Cyclin D1, ↓Pin1,	[42],[43],[73],[75],[78],[79],[97]
		cell cycle arrest	↑c-jun, ↑H₂O₂
		↓motility and invasiveness
		↑apoptosis
		↓DNA damage
	Colon cancer cells	↓cell proliferation	↑H₂O₂	[42],[79]
		↑apoptosis
		↓motility and invasiveness
	Glia cancer cells	↓motility	n.d.	[79]
	Leukemia cells	↓cell proliferation	↑H₂O₂, ↑Cyclin D3,	[41],[72],[76]
		cell cycle arrest	↓CDK6
		↑apoptosis
		↓DNA damage
	Prostate cancer cells	↓cell proliferation	↑H₂O₂, ↑O₂ ⁻	[42],[44]
		↑apoptosis
	Renal cancer cells	↓cell proliferation	n.d.	[79]
	Thyroid cancer cells	cell cycle arrest	↓pAKT, ↓pERK	[80]
		↑apoptosis
	Mice xenograft and albino hairless HOS:HR-mice	↓tumor growth	↓COX-2, ↓VEGF, ↓MMP-2/9/13	[81],[98]
Neurodegenerative disease	Brain hypoxia-reoxygenation	antioxidant ↓inflammation	↓lipid peroxidation, ↓PGE2, ↓IL1β, ↓NO	[92]
	In vitro assay	↓Tau aggregation	n.d.	[90]
	Sprague–Dawley rats	↓spinal cord injury	↓MDA activity	[91]
Skin disease	Albino hairless HOS:HR and C57BL/6J mice	↑UVB protection	↓MMP-13	[98],[99]
	Balb/c mice	↑wound healing	↑VEGF	[95]

Abbreviations: AKT serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; CDK cyclin-dependent protein kinase; c-jun transcription factor member; COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2; H ₂ O ₂ hydrogen peroxide; ERK extracellular regulated kinase; IL1β interleukin 1β; MDA malondialdehyde; MMP-2/9/13 matrix metalloproteinase; NO nitric oxide; O ₂ superoxide ions; Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase; PGE2 prostaglandin E₂; VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor; n.d. not determined.

ISSN: 1479-5876