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Table 1 List of useful or promising analyses, in addition to CD4+saurus Rex testing, so far unaccounted for in clinical trial validation but potentially relevant in every-day patient management and clinical decisions

From: CD4saurus Rex &HIVelociraptor vs. development of clinically useful immunological markers: a Jurassic tale of frozen evolution

What to test

Who and When

Possible use/interpretation

Ref.

PBMC

PD1 + DR + Ki67 + CD4 +

Ki67 + PD-1 + CD4 +Treg

Th17 cytokine profile

Before cART in adv.naive and AIDS-presenter pts

Increase. Predict likelihood of IRIS. Diagnosis of IRIS (uppon symptoms

[59]

Plasma TNF-a, IL-4, IL-17, VEGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CCL2(MCP-1)

pt.with cryptococcal meningitis

Increase. Predicts high risk of IRIS

[60]

PBMC

CD56bright NK cells

NKp30+CD56+, NKp46+CD56+ NK cells

Before Voluntary or CD4+guided Treatment interruption

Increase. Advise against interruption for risk of rapid CD4 decrease when markers are increased

[43]

PBMC

CD4+/62L+/RA+

CD8+/CD38+/DR+

CD8+/62L+/RA+

Wk16-24 of cART - Adolescents

Increase. Risk of Virological Failure after initial response

[61]

PBMC

HLA-Bw4 (incl.HLA-B*57, HLA-B*27)

HIV infection, At first diagnosis

Presence. Defines lower risk of progression, chances of Elite Controlling, slow progression, lower VL

[62–65]

PBMC

HLA-B*57 + KIR3DS1

Exposed uninfected partners, Any time

Presence. Decreased risk of infection upon HIV exposure

[66–68]

PBMC

HLA-B*57 + KIR3DL1high

Exposed uninfected partners, Any time

Presence. Decreased risk of infection upon HIV exposure

[69]

HLA-B*57

HIV-Infected, Before cART start

Presence. Defines adverse reaction to Abacavir

[70]

CCR5-∂32, CCR2-64I

At diagnosis.

Presence. Slower disease progression, lower VL

[71]

 

Before cART

Less time to undetectable VL, decreased risk of AIDS

[72, 73]

CD127+CD4+ T cells

Before cART

Decrease. Immunological non-response to cART

[49, 51, 74]

CD127+CD4+ and/or CD127+CD8+ T cells

Before Voluntary or CD4+guided treatment interruption

Increase. Directly correlated with the length of treatment interruption

[75]