Table 1 Examples of LLL Properties Relevant to COPD

Inflammation

In vivo. Decreased joint inflammation in zymosan-induced arthritis

Semiconductor laser (685 nm and 830 nm) at (2.5 J/cm²)

[105]

In vitro. Suppression of LPS-induced bronchial inflammation and TNF-alpha.

655 nm at of 2.6 J/cm²

[34]

In vivo. Carrageenan-induced pleurisy had decreased leukocyte infiltration and cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and MCP)

660 nm at 2.1 J/cm²

[106]

In vitro. LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 monocytes had reduced gene expression of MCP-1, IL-1 and IL-6

780 nm diode laser at 2.2 J/cm²)

[102]

In vivo. Suppression of LPS-stimulated neutrophil influx, myeloperoxidase activity and IL-1beta in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

660 nm diode laser at 7.5 J/cm²

[35]

In vitro. Inhibition of TNF-alpha induced IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNA in human synoviocytes

810 nm (5 J/cm²) suppressed IL-1 and TNF, (25 J/cm²) also suppressed IL-8

[32]

In vivo. Reduction of TNF-alpha in diaphragm muscle after intravenous LPS injection.

4 sessions in 24 h with diode Ga-AsI-Al laser of 650 nm and a total dose of 5.2 J/cm²

[104]

In vivo. Inhibition of LPS induced peritonitis and neutrophil influx

3 J/cm² and 7.5 J/cm²

[103]

Growth Factor Production

In vivo. Upregulation of TGF-β and PDGF in rat gingiva after incision.

He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) at a dose of 7.5 J/cm²

[36]

In vitro. Osteoblast-like cells were isolated from fetal rat calvariae had increased IGF-1

Ga-Al-As laser (830 nm) at (3.75 J/cm²).

[107]

In vitro. Upregulated production of IGF-1 and FGF-2 in human gingival fibroblasts.

685 nm, for 140 s, 2 J/cm²

[37]

Angiogenesis

In vivo. Increased fiber to capillary ratio in rabbits with ligated femoral arteries.

Gallium-aluminum-arsenide (Ga-Al-As) diode laser, 904 nm and power of 10 mW

[114]

In vitro. Stimulation of HUVEC proliferation by conditioned media from LLL-treated T cells

820 nm at 1.2 and 3.6 J/cm².

[119]

In vitro. 7-fold increased production of VEGF by cardiomyocytes, 1.6-fold increase by smooth muscle cells (SMC) and fibroblasts. Supernatant of SMC had increased HUVEC-stimulating potential.

He:Ne continuous wave laser (632 nm). 0.5 J/cm² for SMC, 2.1 J/cm² for fibroblasts and 1.05 J/cm² for cardiomyocytes.

[113]

In vitro. Direct stimulation of HUVEC proliferation

670 nm diode device at 2 and 8 J/cm²

[112]

Direct Stem Cell Effects

In vivo. LLL precondition significantly enhanced early cell survival rate by 2-fold, decreased the apoptotic percentage of implanted BMSCs in infarcted myocardium and increased the number of newly formed capillaries.

635 nm at 0.96 J/cm²

[120]

In vitro. LLL stimulated MSC proliferation, VEGF and NGF production, and myogenic differentiation after 5-aza induction.

635 nm diode laser at 0.5 J/cm² for MSC proliferation, 5 J/cm² for VEGF and NGF production and for augmentation of induced myogenic differentiation

[121]

In vitro. Increased proliferation of rat MSC.

Red light LED 630 nm at 2 and 4 J/cm(2)

[116]

In vitro. Augmented proliferation of bone marrow and cardiac specific stem cells.

GA-Al-As 810 nm at 1 and 3 J/cm²

[117]

In vitro/In vivo. Administration of LLL-treated MSC resulted 53% reduction in infarct size, 5- and 6.3-fold significant increase in cell density that positively immunoreacted to BrdU and c-kit, respectively, and 1.4- and 2-fold higher level of angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor, respectively, when compared to non-laser-treated implanted cells

Ga-Al-As laser (810 nm wavelength), 1 J/cm²

[118]

In vitro. Enhanced proliferation of adipose derived MSC in presence of EGF.

636 nm diode, 5 J/cm²

[55]

In vitro. Enhanced proliferation and beta-1 integrin expression of adipose derived MSC.

635 nm diode laser, at 5 J/cm²

[54]

Clinical. 660 stroke patients: 331 received LLL and 327 received sham. No prespecified test achieved significance, but a post hoc analysis of patients with a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of <16 showed a favorable outcome at 90 days on the primary end point (P < 0.044).

808 nm. No density disclosed.

[100]