Table 2 Zinc and Proteins of Immunological Significance

Calcineurin

Zinc inhibits Calcineurin activity in Jurkat cells

[177]

COX-2

Lung zinc exposure increases COX-2

[178]

Caspases

Cytosolic caspase-3 activity is increased in Zn-deficient cells. May be mediated by the cytoprotectant abilities of zinc

[110]

E-selectin

Zinc deficiency increased E-selectin gene expression

[179]

FC epsilon RI

Mast cell activation downstream of FC epsilon requires zinc

[72, 180]

HMGB1

3 Cys, 2 His, unknown role of zinc

[174]

HSP70

Zinc increased basal/stress-induced Hsp70 in CD3+ lymphocytes

[181]

IFN-γ

ZIP8 influences INF-gamma in T cells

[177]

IL-1 β

Zinc suppresses IL-1 beta expression in monocytes

[39, 182]

IL-2

High zinc decreased IL-2 in T cell line, Jurkat cells

[183, 184]

IL-2R α

High zinc decreased IL-2R α in T Cell Line

[184]

IL-6

Zinc modulated circulating cytokine in elderly patients

[61, 185, 186]

KIR

Zinc is necessary for the inhibitory function of KIRs

[187, 188]

MCP-1

Zinc modulated circulating MCP-1 in elderly patients

[185]

MHC Class II

There is zinc dependent binding site where super-antigens and peptides bind

[189, 190]

NFkB

NFkB p65 DNA-binding activity increased by zinc deficiency (sepsis). Zinc regulates NFkB. High zinc decreases NFkB activation in T Cell Line. Zinc activates NFkB in T cell line. IKK gamma zinc finger, can regulate NFkB

[42, 179, 191, 192]

PDE-1,3,4

Zinc reversibly inhibited enzyme activity of phosphodiesterases.

[39]

PPAR-α

Zinc deficiency down-regulated PPAR-α

[184]

Proteasome

Zinc can inhibit proteasome

[193]

S100 Proteins

RAGE ligands

[173]

TLR-2

Zinc limits TLR surface expression

[194]

TNF-α

Zinc suppresses TNF-α expression in T-Cells, monocytes

[39, 40, 184]

Zinc finger proteins

A20 zinc finger

Modulates TLR-4 signaling, Inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis

[192, 195]

DPZF

BCL-6 Like Zinc Finger, Immune responses

[196]

Gfi1

Antagonizes NFkB p65, Upstream of TNF

[197, 198]

IKK γ

Zinc finger that regulates NFkB

[199]

PLZF

Expressed in iNKT cells. iNKT cells lacking PLZF lack innate cytotoxicity and do not secrete IL-4 or IFN-γ

[68]

ZAS3

Zinc Finger protein that inhibits NFkB

[200]