Table 1 Emerging biomarkers potentially useful for the immunotherapy of cancer
Biomarker | Therapy | Disease | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Predictive biomarkers | |||
Telomere length | Adoptive therapy | Melanoma | [8] |
VEGF | IL-2 therapy | Melanoma | [9] |
CCR5 polymorphism | IL-2 therapy | Melanoma | [161] |
Carbonic Anhydrase IX | IL-2 therapy | Renal Cell Cancer | |
IFN-γ polymorphism | Immuno (IL-2)-chemo | Melanoma | [240] |
STAT-1, CXCL-9, -10, -11, ISGs | IFN-α therapy | Several Cancers | |
IL-1α,-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, CCL3, CCL4 | IFN-α therapy | Melanoma | [262] |
CCL5, CCL11, IFN-γ, ICOS, CD20 | GSK/MAGE3 vaccine | Melanoma | |
IL-6 polymorphism | BCG vaccine | Bladder Cancer | [259] |
MFG-E8 | GM-CSF/GVAX (pre-clin) | Prostate | |
T regulatory cells | hTERT pulsed DCs | Solid Cancer | [275] |
K-ras mutation | Cetuximab | Colorectal Cancer | [10] |
CCL2, -3, -4, -5 CXCL-9, -10 | Preclinical | Melanoma | [160] |
T cell mulifunctionality | Preclinical | - | [41] |
SNAIL | Preclinical | - | [43] |
Prognostic Biomarkers (useful for patient stratification/data interpretation) | |||
Oncotype DX, Mamma Print | - | Breast Cancer | |
TGF-β | - | Breast Cancer | [34] |
Korn Score | - | Prostate Cancer | [15] |
IFN-γ, IRF-1, STAT-1, ISGs, IL-15, CXCL-9, -10, -11 and CCL5 | - | Prostate Cancer | |
IFN-γ, IRF-1, STAT-1 | - | Colorectal Cancer | [134] |
VEGF | - | Colorectal Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Ca | |
ARPC2, FN1, RGS1, WNT2 | Â | Melanoma | |
Mechanistic/End Point Biomarkers | |||
IFN-γ, IRF-1, STAT-1, ISGs, IL-15, CXCL-9, -10, -11 and CCL5 | IL-2 therapy/TLR-7 therapy | Melanoma/Basal Cell Cancer | |
IRF-1, STAT-1, ISGs, IL-15, CXCL-9, -10, -11 and CCL5 | Vaccinia virus (Xenografts) | Solid tumors | [137] |
CXCL-9, -10 | Herpes simplex virus (syngeneic model) | Ovarian CA | [166] |
18F-FDG localization | Anti-CTLA-4 therapy | Melanoma | [102] |
Epitope Spreading | DC-based therapy | Melanoma | [36] |
Kinetic regression/growth model | - | - | [24] |