Table 4 Major Immune Cells Expressing or Responding to RAGE-expressing Cells
Immune cell | Associated RAGE ligand | Effects on immune cells | Associated diseases |
|---|---|---|---|
Neutrophils | AGE, Mac-1 | Neutrophils adhere to RAGE-transfected cells but free AGE reduces this adherence and the ability of neutrophils to kill phagocytosed microorganisms (bacteria); This adherence elevates intracellular free calcium levels in humans. Upregulation of RAGE was not found after binding. | Diseases where AGE has been implicated (diabetes atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease) |
T Cells | HMGB1 | RAGE activation is one of the early events in differentiation and proliferation of Th1+ cells | Arthritis |
B Cells | HMGB1-CpG DNA | Stimulates cytokine release along with TLR9 | Sepsis |
Macrophages, Monocytes | Any RAGE ligand | Inflammatory response is generated. Increased conversion of monocytes to macrophages. RAGE activation leads to destruction of macrophages. | Diabetes |
Dendritic Cells | HMGB1, some S100's | Antigen presenting capacity is unaffected. RAGE expression is upregulated after cellular activation. | Arthritis |