Table 3 S100 Proteins in Cancer and Normal Tissues
Name | Chrom. | RAGE binding | p53 binding | Normal tissue expression | Expression in cancer | Cancer notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S100A1 | 1q21 | Possibly, (antagonizes S100A4-RAGE interactions) | Yes – TET and NRD | Highest in heart, also expressed in kidney, liver, skin, brain, lung, stomach, testis, muscle, small intestine, thymus and spleen | Renal carcinoma |  |
S100A2 | 1q21 | Not observed | Yes – TET and NRD | Kerotinocytes, breast epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and liver | Thyroid, prostate, lung, oral, and breast carcinomas; melanoma | Mostly down-regulated but upregulated in some cancer types |
S100A3 | 1q21 | Not observed | Â | Differentiating cuticular cells in the hair follicile | Â | Â |
S100A4 | 1q21 | Yes, coexpressed with RAGE in lung and breast cancer | Â | Chondrocytes, astrocytes, Schwann cells, and other neuronal cells | Thyroid, breast and colorectal carcinomas; melanoma; bladder and lung cancers | Overexpression is associated with metastases and poor prognosis |
S100A5 | 1q21 | Not observed | Â | Limited areas of the brain | Astrocytic tumors | Overexpressed |
S100A6 | 1q21 | Yes, coexpressed with RAGE in lung and breast cancer | Yes – TET | Neurons of restricted regions of the brain | Breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma | Not found in healthy breast or colorectal |
S100A7/A7A | 1q21 | Yes, Zinc dependant activation | Â | Kerotinocytes, dermal smooth muscle cells | Breast carcinoma, bladder and skin cancers | Not expressed in non-cancer tissues except for skin |
S100A8/A9 | 1q21 | Possibly (activates NF-kB in endothelial cells) | Â | Expressed and secreted by neutrophils | Breast and colorectal carcinomas, gastric cancer | Upregulated in premetastatic stage, then downregulated |
S100A9 | 1q21 | See S100A8 | Â | See S100A8 | See S100A8 | Â |
S100A10 | 1q21 | Not observed | Â | Several tissues, highest in lung, kidney, and intestine | Â | Â |
S100A11 | 1q21 | Yes – inflammation induced chondrcyte hypertrophy | Yes – TET | Keratinocytes | Colorectal, breast, and renal carcinomas; bladder, prostate, and gastric cancers | Decreased expression is an early event in bladder carcinoma, high expression is associated with better prognosis in bladder and renal cancer patients but worse prognosis in prostate and breast |
S100A12 | 1q21 | Yes – Inflammatory processes (activates endothelial cells and leukocytes) |  | Granulocytes, keratinocytes | Expressed in acute, chronic, and allergic inflammation |  |
S100A13 | 1q21 | Yes – stimulates its own uptake by cells |  | Broadly expressed in endothelial cells, but not vascular smooth muscle cells |  | Upregulated in endometrial lesions |
S100A14 | 1q21 | Not observed | Â | Broadly expressed in many tissues, but not detected in brain, skeletal muscle, spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes | Â | Overexpressed in ovary, breast and uterus tumors, Down-regulated in kidney, rectum and colon tumors |
S100A15 (name withdrawn, see S100A7) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
S100A16 | 1q21 | Not observed | Â | Broadly expressed with highest levels esophagus, lowest in lung, brain, pancreas and skeletal muscle | Â | Upregulated in lung, pancreas, bladder, thyroid and ovarian tumors |
S100B | 21q22 | Yes – RAGE -dependant, cytochrome C mediated activation of caspase-3 | Yes – TET and NRG | Astrocytes | Melanoma | Overexpressed in melanoma |
S100G | Xp22 | Not observed | Â | Pancreas, intestine, mineralized tissues | Pancreatic cancer | Overexpressed >100-fold |
S100P | 4p16 | Yes – stimulates cell proliferation and survival |  | Placenta | Prostate and gastric cancers | Overexpressed |
S100Z | 5q14 | Not observed | Â | Pancreas, lung, placenta, and spleen | Â | Decreased expression in cancer |