Table 1 Studies examining gender-differences independent of gonadal hormones in response to cellular stressors

Du, L [21]

Neurons

Cytotoxic agents

estradiol, NMDA antagonist, z-VAD, PARP inhibitor, antioxidants

Yes

AIF, cytochrome C, glutathione

Hagberg, H [53]

Neonatal

50 minutes unilateral hypoxia-ischemia

PARP-1 -/-

Yes

NAD+, PAR

Heyer, A [37]

Neurons

15 hr. Hypoxia

testosterone

Yes

sex hormones, estrogen receptors

Kitano, H [60]

Neonatal and adult

2 hr. MCAO

isoflurane PC, Akt KO

Yes

Akt, NIPK

Li, H [48]

Neurons

Oxygen-glucose deprivation & NMDA

7-nitroindazole, estradiol

Yes

SOD, NO(x)

Li, K [57]

Juvenile

Embolic infarct

None

Yes

various cytokines

Liu, M [38]

Astrocytes

Oxygen-glucose deprivation & cytotoxic agents

Arimidex, estradiol

Yes

cyp19 mRNA, aromatase activity

Mabley, J. G. [12]

Adult

LPS injections

OVX, PARP-1 -/-

Yes

TNF, PAR, Erα

Mcullough, L. D. [4]

Adult

90 min. MCAO

nNOS -/-, PARP- 1-/-, OVX, PJ-34, 7-nitroindozole

Yes

eNOS, iNOS, nNOS

Nijboer, CH [11]

Neonatal (P7)

2 hr. Hypoxia-ischemia

2-iminobiotin

Yes

AIF, cytochrome C, caspase-3

Nijboer, CH [51]

Neonatal (P3)

2 hr. Hypoxia-ischemia

2-iminobiotin

Yes

AIF, cytochrome C, caspase-3, HSP70

Park, EM [59]

Adult

20 min. MCAO

OVX, PARP-1 -/-, aminoguanidine, iNOS-/-

Mixed

iNOS

Renolleau, S [22]

Neonatal

50 min. MCAO

Q-VD-Oph

Yes

cytochrome C, caspase-3, caspase-1

Wen, TC [23]

Neonatal

permanent MCAO

Erythropoietin

Yes

None

Zhang, L [42]

Neurons

None

None

Yes

Phospho-ERK1, Akt, Bcl-2

Zhu, C [54]

Neonatal

45 min. Unilateral hypoxia-ischemia

Q-VD-OPh, Edaravone, Harlequin mutation

No

AIF, cytochrome C, caspase-3, PAR

Zhu, C [56]

Neonatal and Adult

45–65 min. Unilateral hypoxia-ischemia

None

Mixed

AIF, cytochrome C, caspase-3, PAR, nitrotyrosine