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Table 1 Tools of Translational Science in Medicine as backbone of an emerging science

From: Translational medicine: science or wishful thinking?

New biomarker development, e.g. imaging or serum parameters

Translational toxicology including more powerful biomarkers

Biomarker scoring systems to grade their predictive potency

Smart, early human study design, including novel approaches e.g. microdosing and descriptive trials

Biostatistics development to cope with multiple read-out problems and small human studies

Human genetics