Table 1 Diverse biological activities of GM-CSF.

In vitro activation of macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells [26–30].

In vivo administration activates monocyte at low doses in clinical studies [31–33].

Increases antigen processing and presentation by Macrophages [34–36].

Enhanced in vitro tumoricidal activity of PBMC for human melanoma cells [26].

Induces macrophage production of an angiogenesis inhibitor [37, 38].