From: Ovarian cancer, the coagulation pathway, and inflammation
Cytokine | Effect |
---|---|
TGF-β | Stimulates tumor cell attachment and invasion by upregulating plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 |
 | Deregulates expression of the major histocompatibility complex |
 | Deregulates costimulatory antigen expression by dendritic cells |
 | Suppresses Th1-Th2 cells and the conversion of pro-cytotoxic T lymphocytes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
 | Suppresses the proliferation response to antigen-presenting cells |
 | Inhibits natural killer and MA activation |
IL-6 | Upregulates tumor cell attachment |
 | Interferes with macrophage maturation in dendritic cells |
 | Inhibits cell proliferation through PI3K (phosphatidylinositol3-kinase) |
 | Suppresses Th1-Th2 transformation |
IL-10 | Deregulates expression of major compatibility complex on T cells |
 | Deregulates costimulatory antigen expression |
 | Suppresses cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and Th1-Th2 transformation |
 | Inhibits interferon production |
 | Inhibits T cell production |
VEGF | Increases neoangiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis |
 | Increases prevalence of ascites |
FGF-2 | Increases tumor cell invasion and metastasis |
TNF-α | Increases adhesion molecule expression |
 | Induces tumor cell apoptosis |
 | Increases tissue factor expression |
 | Decreases the expression of thrombomodulin and EPCR |