Table 3 Cytokines involved in inflammation in ovarian cancer
From: Ovarian cancer, the coagulation pathway, and inflammation
| Cytokine | Effect |
|---|---|
| TGF-β | Stimulates tumor cell attachment and invasion by upregulating plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 |
| Deregulates expression of the major histocompatibility complex | |
| Deregulates costimulatory antigen expression by dendritic cells | |
| Suppresses Th1-Th2 cells and the conversion of pro-cytotoxic T lymphocytes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes | |
| Suppresses the proliferation response to antigen-presenting cells | |
| Inhibits natural killer and MA activation | |
| IL-6 | Upregulates tumor cell attachment |
| Interferes with macrophage maturation in dendritic cells | |
| Inhibits cell proliferation through PI3K (phosphatidylinositol3-kinase) | |
| Suppresses Th1-Th2 transformation | |
| IL-10 | Deregulates expression of major compatibility complex on T cells |
| Deregulates costimulatory antigen expression | |
| Suppresses cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and Th1-Th2 transformation | |
| Inhibits interferon production | |
| Inhibits T cell production | |
| VEGF | Increases neoangiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis |
| Increases prevalence of ascites | |
| FGF-2 | Increases tumor cell invasion and metastasis |
| TNF-α | Increases adhesion molecule expression |
| Induces tumor cell apoptosis | |
| Increases tissue factor expression | |
| Decreases the expression of thrombomodulin and EPCR |