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Table 3 Cytokines involved in inflammation in ovarian cancer

From: Ovarian cancer, the coagulation pathway, and inflammation

Cytokine

Effect

TGF-β

Stimulates tumor cell attachment and invasion by upregulating plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1

 

Deregulates expression of the major histocompatibility complex

 

Deregulates costimulatory antigen expression by dendritic cells

 

Suppresses Th1-Th2 cells and the conversion of pro-cytotoxic T lymphocytes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes

 

Suppresses the proliferation response to antigen-presenting cells

 

Inhibits natural killer and MA activation

IL-6

Upregulates tumor cell attachment

 

Interferes with macrophage maturation in dendritic cells

 

Inhibits cell proliferation through PI3K (phosphatidylinositol3-kinase)

 

Suppresses Th1-Th2 transformation

IL-10

Deregulates expression of major compatibility complex on T cells

 

Deregulates costimulatory antigen expression

 

Suppresses cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and Th1-Th2 transformation

 

Inhibits interferon production

 

Inhibits T cell production

VEGF

Increases neoangiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis

 

Increases prevalence of ascites

FGF-2

Increases tumor cell invasion and metastasis

TNF-α

Increases adhesion molecule expression

 

Induces tumor cell apoptosis

 

Increases tissue factor expression

 

Decreases the expression of thrombomodulin and EPCR