Figure 4

Oxidative stress in COPD. Upper panel: Muscle oxidative stress. Individual and mean group effects of an 8-week endurance training program on protein carbonylation (left) and protein nitration (right) in the vastus lateralis of healthy subjects (controls) and patients with COPD. At baseline (rest, pre-training measurements), COPD patients showed higher nitroso-redox disequilibrium than healthy subjects. A trend toward a decrease in oxidative stress was observed after training in COPD patients [28]. Bottom panel: Association between muscle and blood. COPD patients at baseline (rest, pre-training) showed an association of protein carbonylation levels between skeletal muscle and blood [28] (reproduced from[28]with permission).