Role of estrogen in hepatocellular carcinoma: is inflammation the key?

Table 2 Summary of possible effects of estrogen on cytokine production in vitro

Cytokines	Effects of estrogen on cytokine production	References
IL-1	Heterogeneous, depends on E2 concentration	[48, 49]
IL-6	Mostly inhibition, promotion in synoviocytes (related to RA)	[48, 50, 51]
IL-8	Inhibition	[52, 53]
TNF	Mostly inhibition	[48, 54]
IFN-γ	Heterogeneous, depends on cell type	[54, 55]
IL-4	Promotion	[55]
IL-10	Mostly promotion	[54, 56]
TGF-β	Promotion	[57, 58]

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