Extracellular matrix production in vitro in cartilage tissue engineering

Table 1 Summary of cells, scaffolds and stimuli

Cells	Cell sources	Chondrocyte	[6, 7, 12, 13, 15]
		Stem cells	[8–11, 14, 15]
		High chondrogenic cells	[16–18]
	Cell culture	Medium	[13, 17, 22–24]
		Coating surfaces	[25–29]
		Co-culture	[30, 32–34]
Scaffolds	Collagens	Type I/III Collagen, type II collagen	[37–40]
	Composite scaffolds	PGA/fibrin, PLGA/PLLA, PLGA/collagen, peptide/gene modified scaffolds	[41, 42, 44–50]
	Novel scaffolds	Nanofiber, Silicone rubber dish	[51, 52]
	ECM-based scaffolds	Cartilage/cell-derived ECM scaffolds	[54–56]
Stimuli	Growth factors	TGFβs, BMP2, IGF1, CCN2	[38, 58–64]
	Compounds	Hydrocortisone, icariin, avocado	[19, 67–70]
	Gene therapy	BMPs, IGF1, TGFβs, miRNA, shRNA	[20, 21, 38, 65, 72–76]
	Environmental factors	Hypoxia, pressure, bioreactor, cryopreservation	[30, 64, 78–81, 83–85]

ISSN: 1479-5876