Figure 1
From: Ecto-protein kinases and phosphatases: an emerging field for translational medicine
Potential scenarios of extracellular protein phosphorylation. Potential scenarios of extracellular protein phosphorylation are shown. Extracellular ATP can enter the extracellular matrix (ECM) through vesicle secretion or cell lysis [4]. Extracellular proteins or the extracellular domains of cell surface and trans-membrane proteins may be phosphorylated during biosynthesis and then exported, or phosphorylated after release or appearance at the cell surface by exo- and ecto-kinases, respectively.