Figure 3

Pathological processes leading to β-cell failure and death. Several pathological processes can contribute to β-cell failure and β-cell death. These includes: Glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, accumulation of islet amyloid polypeptide and inflammation. When β-cells become dysfunctional or undergo death, some β-cell proteins will undergo modifications by post translational modifications, and be released to circulation. (ER = endoplasmatic reticulum, IAPP = islet amyloid polypeptide, ROS = reactive oxygen species, PTMs = post translational modifications).