The detrimental danger of water-pipe (Hookah) transcends the hazardous consequences of general health to the driving behavior

Table 6 Differences in driving behavior before smoking and half an hour following a Water-Pipe

Before Water-Pipe smoking -half an hour after smoking (Experimental Group) Pairs: Scinario-1-Scinario-3		Paired Differences				t	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Lower	Upper
Control group	Accident(road)	.25	1.06	−.42	.92	.82	.429
	Accident(car)	−1.08	2.15	−2.45	.28	−1.74	.109
	Accident(pedestrian)	.75	1.36	−.11	1.61	1.91	.082
	Exceeding the speed limit	−4.00	6.97	−8.43	.43	−1.99	.072
	Total number of traffic light tickets	.50	1.45	−.42	1.42	1.20	.256
	Centerline crossings	−1.33	4.12	−3.95	1.28	−1.12	.286
	Shoulder crossings	.75	3.86	−1.71	3.21	.67	.515
	Total time	87.00	155.39	−11.73	185.73	1.94	.079
	Total distance	−117.17	130.86	−200.31	−34.02	−3.10	.010
	Exceeding the speed limit (%time)	−7.81	10.81	−14.68	−.94	−2.50	.029
	Not within the lane (%time)	−.43	4.04	−3.00	2.13	−.37	.718
Experimental group	Accident(road)	.90	1.81	.38	1.42	3.48	.001
	Accident(car)	−1.65	2.27	−2.30	−1.00	−5.10	.000
	Accident(pedestrian)	.45	.89	.19	.70	3.53	.001
	Exceeding the speed limit	−2.57	6.04	−4.31	−.84	−2.98	.005
	Total number of traffic light tickets	.44	1.13	.11	.77	2.69	.010
	Centerline crossings	−2.71	4.25	−3.93	−1.49	−4.47	.000
	Shoulder crossings	2.29	6.26	.49	4.08	2.56	.014
	Total time	43.19	116.26	9.79	76.58	2.60	.012
	Total distance	12.39	959.89	−263.32	288.10	.09	.928
	Exceeding the speed limit (%time)	−5.41	8.85	−7.95	−2.86	−4.28	.000
	Not within the lane (%time)	−.57	5.12	−2.04	.90	−.78	.437

Table 6 Shows the mean differences for the driving measures prior to, and half an hour following, WPS. There were no significant changes pertaining to all the measures within the control group. While in the experimental group, many significant changes in driving behavior were found, such as a decrease in the number of road crashes, a significant increase occurred in the number of car accidents, but a significant decrease in the number of pedestrian ones. In all these measures within the control group, the same direction of change was found, though this was not statistically significant. Within the experimental group, there was a significant increase in the number of incidents in which the driver exceeded the speed limit and a significant increase in the number of times the driver crossed the solid divider.

ISSN: 1479-5876